Unemployment (Berozgari) Kya Hai? Types, Causes & Control - Complete Guide!
Har saal jab Labour Force Survey aata hai ya Economic Survey publication hoti hai, toh news me Inflation aur GDP ke baad dusra sabse important word hota hai — "Unemployment" ya "Berozgari" . Lekin kya aapko pata hai ki Unemployment actually kya hai? Aur Berozgari ke kitne types hote hain?
Agar aap UPSC, SSC CGL, Banking, ya State PCS exams ki taiyari kar rahe hain, toh Unemployment (Berozgari) ek aisa topic hai jisse har saal 2-3 direct questions aate hain . Is article se hum yeh seekhenge ki Unemployment kya hai, iske types (prakar), causes (karan), aur control kaise hota hai .
1. Unemployment (Berozgari) Kya Hai? - Simple Meaning
- Full Form: Unemployment (English) = Berozgari (Hindi) = Bekaar (Common)
- Simple Meaning: 25 saal ka young person, education ke sath, job chahta hai, kaam kar sakta hai, lekin job nahi mil rahi — Ye Unemployment (Berozgari) hai!
- Time Period: Unemployment measure karne ka time usually current period (vartaman) ya quarterly (3 months) hota hai
- Other Name: No Employment (Koi Kaam Nahi)
International Labour Organization (ILO) 3 conditions batata hai jisse person Unemployed classified hota hai :
1) Unemployed (vergukt) — kaam nahi hai
2) Available for work (kaam ke liye uplabdh) — kaam kar sakta hai
3) Currently looking for work (kaam dhoond raha) — actively search kar raha
Teeno conditions ho → Unemployed!
2. Unemployment Rate Kaise Calculate Hota Hai?
Unemployment rate measure karne ka formula hai :
Unemployment Rate = (Unemployed People ÷ Total Labour Force) × 100
Labour Force = Employed + Unemployed (kaam kar sakte log)
NOT Included: Children, Old age (60+), Students (full-time), Housewives (not looking)
Example: Agar India me:
- Total Labour Force = 50 crore (kaam kar sakte log)
- Unemployed = 3 crore (kaam nahi mil raha)
Then Unemployment Rate = (3 ÷ 50) × 100 = 6%
Current Unemployment Rate: 3.2% - 4.5% (PLFS 2023-24)
Youth Unemployment (15-29 years): 10% - 12% (young logon me bherozgari)
3. Unemployment Ke Types (Prakar) - Sabse Important!
Unemployment ko 5 main types (prakar) me divide kiya jata hai :
- A. Seasonal Unemployment (Mausomi Berozgari): Specific season me hota (kheti, tourism)
- B. Structural Unemployment (Sanrachnatmak Berozgari): Industry/technology change se hota
- C. Cyclical Unemployment (Chakravyuti Berozgari): Economic recession se hota
- D. Disguised Unemployment (Prachhupa Berozgari): Overcrowded work, kam productivity
- E. Frictional Unemployment (Ghrishnatmak Berozgari): Job change ke dauran hota
| Type | Hindi Name | When | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seasonal | Mausomi | Specific season | Kheti (harvest time only) |
| Structural | Sanrachnatmak | Technology/Industry change | Machinery se manual kam |
| Cyclical | Chakravyuti | Economic recession | 2020 Corona recession |
| Disguised | Prachhupa | Overcrowded work | 5 log ek kaam (agriculture) |
| Frictional | Ghrishnatmak | Job change period | Office chhoda, naya dhoond |
A. Seasonal Unemployment (Mausomi Berozgari)
Jab specific season (mousam) me kaam hota aur baaki time nahi hota, toh seasonal unemployment ho jata hai .
- Where: Agriculture (kheti), Tourism, Construction
- Example: Kheti me sirf harvest time (palav) me kaam hota, baaki 6 mahina kaam nahi
B. Structural Unemployment (Sanrachnatmak Berozgari)
Jab industry/technology me badlav (industry/technology change) se kaam nikal jata, toh structural unemployment ho jata hai .
- Where: Manufacturing (factory), Technology (AI, automation)
- Example: Automation/Machinery se manual workers kaam chuk gaye
- India's Problem: Yeh India me sabse bada challenge hai
C. Cyclical Unemployment (Chakravyuti Berozgari)
Jab Economic recession/mandi (arthik mandta) se demand kam hota aur companies kaam kam hota, toh cyclical unemployment ho jata hai .
- Where: All sectors (manufacturing, services)
- Example: 2020 Corona recession → companies employees remove
- Business Cycle: Directly business cycle se juda hota
D. Disguised Unemployment (Prachhupa Berozgari)
Jab more people work (zyada log kaam) kar rahe hote lekin productivity kam (kam utpadakta) hota, toh disguised unemployment ho jata hai .
- Where: Agriculture (kheti), Family business
- Example: 5 log ek chhota farm (kheti) me kaam kar rahe, lekin 1 log kaam kar sakta tha
- Production: Production almost zero (lagbhag shunya)
E. Frictional Unemployment (Ghrishnatmak Berozgari)
Jab job change ke dauran (naukri badalne dauran) temporarily kaam nahi hota, toh frictional unemployment ho jata hai .
- Where: All sectors (temporary)
- Example: Office chhoda, naya office dhoond raha (temporary)
- Called: Voluntary (svachhas) type
4. Unemployment Ke Causes (Karan) - Sabse Important!
Unemployment badhne ke 5 main causes (karan) hote hain :
A. Population Growth (Aabadi Vadh)
Tezi se badhti aabadi (fast population growth) ke kaaran rojgar ke avasar (jobs) ki tulna me kaam karne ke logon ki sankhya (number) zyada ho jata hai .
- Reason: 1 year me 2 million naye workers, lekin sirf 1 million jobs
B. Slow Economic Growth (Dheemi Arthik Vikas)
Slow economic growth (dhimi arthik vikas) ke kaaran industries aur services me rojgar kam hota jata hai .
- Reason: GDP growth 3% (low) → companies kam expand → jobs kam
C. Skill Gap (Koushal Gap)
Education aur Skill ki kami (shiksha aur koushal ki kami) ke kaaran log job nahi pa sakte .
- Example: Har saal lakhon graduates pass, lekin sirf muutti Bhar (few) job-ready
- Solution: Skills par kaam karna (skill training)
D. Lack of Industrialization (Audyogikaran Kami)
Periyaapt udyog nahi hona (insufficient industries) ke kaaran rojgar ke avasar (jobs) limited hote hain .
- Reason: India me factories kam → manufacturing jobs limited
E. Technology Progress (Prudyogiki Uchchai)
Nayi technology (new technology) ke kaaran kuch traditional jobs (purani naukri) khatam hoti jati hai .
- Example: Automation/AI se manual workers kaam chuk gaye
| Cause | Effect | Severity |
|---|---|---|
| Population Growth | More workers than jobs | High |
| Slow Economy | Less expansion, jobs kam | High |
| Skill Gap | Graduates nahi job-ready | Medium |
| No Industries | Limited jobs | High |
| Technology | Traditional jobs khatam | Medium |
India me sabse bada problem: Structural Unemployment (technology/industry change)
Most common in India: Disguised Unemployment (agriculture me)
5. Unemployment Control Karne Ke Upaay
Unemployment control karne ke liye Government 2 type ke programs start kari hai :
A. Self-Employment Based Program (Swarozgar Aadharit Program)
- Logon ko business loan diya jata hai
- Skill training di jati hai
B. Wage-Based Program (Majdoori Aadharit Program)
- Government projects (roads, bridges) banate hain
- Logon ko temporary jobs di jati hai
Conclusion: Final Summary
Agar aapko sab kuch yaad rakhna hai toh yeh formulas aur types yaad rakho :
Labour Force = Employed + Unemployed
5 Types:
Seasonal: Specific season (kheti)
Structural: Tech/Industry change
Cyclical: Economic recession
Disguised: Overcrowded work
Frictional: Job change (temporary)
Unemployment desh ka "Economic Health Report" hai. Agar unemployment rate 3-4% (normal) hai toh economy achi hai, aur agar unemployment 10%+ (high) hai toh economy CRISIS me hai
Kya aapko Unemployment ke types aur causes samajh aaya? Comment me bataiye aur agar koi doubt ho toh zaroor poochiye! 👇
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